tumor volume calculation caliper

Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 26;12(1):22336. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25258-3. Circular RNA circTRPS1-2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by reducing the production of ribosomes. For this dataset, linear curve fitting was carried out (fitted linear curve) to find the mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and tumor mass. In the case1 group, one mouse died on the 17th day. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. In Phase IV, case1 group members received 200 g bevacizumab (with 200 l 0.9% NaCl solution) in one dose intraperitoneally on the 8th day. The .gov means its official. Using the mathematical model, different dosage algorithms can be designed for antiangiogenic cancer therapy [1619]. A diagram of an ellipsoid, with the derivations of the variables needed to calculate its volume. Tumor growth inhibition rate (%); can be calculated using the following formula: = (Vc 1 -Vt 1 )/ (Vc 0 -Vt 0) X 100. where, Vc 1 is the mean tumor volume in the control group at the time of tumor . In Phase III/3, case group members received one-tenth dose of control dose intraperitoneally spread over 18 days. Westerlind, K.C. Breast cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and mammography. Normality was investigated with one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; each sample has normal distribution (ppI = 0.883, ppIII/3_case = 0.716, ppIII/3_control = 0.869). Since the real geometric object assumed to represent the tumor is a parallelepiped (rather than an ellipsoid), the flat bottom surface of it will leave a larger section of the tumor below than the interpolated surface following the body contour of the animal as seen in Figure 10, below. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contributions section. 2013 Oct;67(8):771-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011. Mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry. 60, 21012103 (2000). Figure 12. As the height values of the tumors deviate from those of the width, the caliper-based volume values of those tumors begin to mirror real-life measurements less closely. Therefor it allows a direct 3D capture of the volume. If this surface intersects above the bottom of the tumor, then the volume estimation of the tumor will be smaller than the true value as can be seen from Figure 9. One can find datasets in the last column of Table 2. The dose depends mainly on weight. The 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research of the Semmelweis University (Budapest, Hungary) and the Physiological Controls Group of the Obuda University (Budapest, Hungary) began collaborating on antiangiogenic therapy research in 2012including the current experimental investigations. The caliper mean-percent-error is 10.6%, nearly twice that of the scanners mean-percent-error of 4.6%. (Fig 2). Lab Anim 42, 217224 (2013). The problems with tumor volume measurements by calipers, 3.1 Tumor growth: Height is not equal to the width of the tumor, 3.3 Caliper measurements are time-consuming, 3.4 Caliper measurements ignore a larger volume, https://ugobasile.com/products/catalogue/pain-and-inflammation/plethysmometer, A Structured Light Based Laboratory Animal Subcutaneous Tumor Scanning System. Secondly, the aspect of side-effects are not inconsiderable. In addition, the root mean square, R2 values under the linear regression equations in Figure 15. symbolize the precision of the data. The authors say special thanks to Katalin Dezs MD. In Phase I, we have investigated tumor growth without therapy with two types of mouse tumor. Estimation of rat mammary tumor volume using caliper and ultrasonography measurements. No, Is the Subject Area "Colorectal cancer" applicable to this article? 55, 11761180 (1995). Materials and methods: The murine CaNT subcutaneous xenograft model was used. Studies using other methods of imaging have exposed the problems that calipers pose. 2023 Jan 12;9(1):5. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01300-9. CA Cancer J. Clin. Verma, R. et al. Fj^P;7? In addition, studies using CT scans concluded that CT yielded tumor volume values 11 to 12% less (an underestimate) than those which were measured by calipers, and that CT-based measurements yielded more accurate and consistent values than caliper-based measurements[6, 7]. Biol. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, http://www.gene.com/download/pdf/avastin_prescribing.pdf, http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Discussion/human/000582/WC500029262.pdf, http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Protocols/Xenograft-Tumor-Model-Protocol-3810.html, http://www.targeson.com/sites/default/files/content/pages/pdfs/tail_vein_protocol_2012_0.pdf. The aim of this article is therefore to explain of the tumor volume formula and the problems associated with the caliper measurements. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare more than two samples, while pairwise comparison was done by Tukeys honest significant difference (HSD) test. This dose was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase III/3, and for a 15-day treatment in Phase IV. Traditionally, caliper measurements are used to calculate tumor volume. Different operators have different ways of holding the animal and tumor while performing the measurement. Automatic randomization to perform group assignments based on body weight, tumor area/volume, delta tumor volume, or any numeric value and/or user-defined formula; Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2022), Lab Animal (Lab Anim) As it was discussed above, the handling of animals by calipers measurements also suffers such deformations of the animal body during the measurements. & Lin, C.A. Figure 13. Measurements with caliper were done on the 5th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 22nd and 24th days of the experiment in Phase I; in the case of Phase III/3, they were done on the 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 14th, 16th, 18th, 20th, 22nd and 23rd days. 2 0 obj Clarke, R. Animal models of breast cancer: their diversity and role in biomedical research. Before 2023 Jan 20;42(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02578-w. Zhao R, Chen P, Qu C, Liang J, Cheng Y, Sun Z, Tian H. Cell Death Discov. No, Is the Subject Area "Renal cancer" applicable to this article? Similar to the results from the experiments in Figure 18., this error makes the drug seem less effective than it actually is. The tumor can be more and sometimes less visible or popped up from under the skin. This means that the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment. This helps to calculate accurate tumor volume from caliper measured data which will be useful for further animal experiments and as a consequence no small MRI measurements will be needed. In Phase III/3, MRI-measured tumor volume values are available which can be used as reference values for caliper-measured data. . Intrinsic susceptibility MR imaging of chemically induced rat mammary tumors: relationship to histologic assessment of hypoxia and fibrosis. Isofluorane (0.95 x 2.0%) was applied for inhalational anesthesia, and intubation was performed. 12 immunocompetent mice were transplanted subcutaneously with C38 colon adenocarcinoma, and 11 immunocompetent mice were injected intramuscularly with B16 melanoma. J. Nucl. Is the Subject Area "Cancers and neoplasms" applicable to this article? A smaller diameter mask will help to position the tumor in the center of the scan, but it will not alter this effect. () and were used with the parameters displayed in Table 1Parameters for Gompertz growth were taken from Benzekry et al. Comparing ARTIDA-calculated tumor volumes to the volumes derived from the caliper/ellipsoid formula calculations and referenced to the gold standard volume determination method (with literature density values), as it is shown in Figure 2A. Tumor as a 3-D object has three diameters (width, length and height); however in vivo only two diameters can be measured by caliper (width, w and length, l). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.t002, To find the f constant for tumor growth without therapy (Phase I), first reliable tumor volume values had to be found, since there was no MRI measurement in Phase I. Beside tumor diameters, tumor mass was measured and vascularization area was calculated in the case of the removed tumors. J. Ultrasound Med. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Breathing was monitored with piezoelectric transducer; temperature of the body was measured by rectal thermometer. In addition, calipers also place undue strain on the animal during measurement, assume conditions for a perfect ellipsoid (which most tumors are not), and can lead to unnecessary losses of money over time. The cause of death was tumor toxicity; however, none of the clinical criteria for euthanasia could be observed at these animals. The aim of the experiment was to create and validate a clinically relevant tumor growth model (using C38 colon adenocarcinoma), focusing on the effect of angiogenesis. PhD from the 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Institute from Semmelweis University, Budapest, for making the fluorescence pictures with confocal microscope. Tumor volume (and the third diameter) has to be approximated, assuming a certain shape for the tumor. Imaging 33, 2737 (2006). Tumor growth can take place under such conditions; however delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs is obstructed. 8600 Rockville Pike Effects of different applied voltages of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer in a mouse model. It means that knowing the tumor mass, tumor volume can be estimated with suitable accuracy; hence the lack of MRI measurement can be replaced in the case of Phase I. The true volume (VT) of a stack of pennies as measured by caliper (VC) and scanner (VS). A 3-D illustration can be found in Fig 7. a) berry-shaped tumor; b) x-diameter of the tumor; c) y-diameter of the tumor; d) z-diameter of the tumor; e) berry-shaped tumor with ellipsoidal estimation. Effects of tamoxifen and melatonin on mammary gland cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, respectively, in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Mice in Phase I and Phase IV control group received no bevacizumab. Epub 2017 Mar 21. Citation: Spi J, Kovcs L, Drexler DA, Kocsis P, Gajri D, Spi Z (2015) Tumor Volume Estimation and Quasi-Continuous Administration for Most Effective Bevacizumab Therapy. This process takes 45 days. Eichelerger, L.E. Ultrasonography as the Gold Standard for In Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced Mammary Tumors. Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. One common measure of efficacy is the T/C ratio, the ratio of tumor volume in control versus treated mice at a specified calculate an average volume based on two extreme segmentations; one including most of the border, and one excluding it. This approach presents an alternative to calipers which, although cheap, fast, and easy to use, introduce many biases for tumor volume estimation. Yes eCollection 2022. van Elsland DM, Duijster JW, Zhang J, Stvenin V, Zhang Y, Zha L, Xia Y, Franz E, Sun J, Mughini-Gras L, Neefjes J. Compute the volume assuming perfect ellipsoids. Ergonomics 37, 217229 (1994). To compare more than two samples, ANOVA test was applied. Using an extremely low dosage (as in our study), there is a high probability that these adverse effects can be minimized. BMC Medical . Tumor volume was calculated by the modified ellipsoidal formula: V = (Length Width 2) . Additionally, we explore the impact of six different tumour . Tumours of the mammary gland. Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. We monitored the vital parameters of 4 immunocompetent mice, and there was no serious toxic side-effect or lethality regarding to the usage of bevacizumab. In addition, the gap between tumor volume values for caliper-based control and treatment groups is smaller than that for scanner measurements; the significant p-value was over 50 times higher when using calipers (p > 0.05) than with scanners (p < 0.001), suggesting that the caliper-based measurements are not statistically significant. The tumor volume calculation was executed using the formula V = (W2 L)/2 for caliper measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, and L is tumor length . Notice that the caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation. To evaluate tumor volume, first the shape of the tumor has to be assumed, and if it is necessary for volume calculation, the third diameter (height, h) has to be approximated. The other eight tumors exhibit forms that cannot be compared to a perfect ellipsoid. CAS In longitudinal studies, sequential measurements of tumor volume with a non-invasive method are essential. A quiet and modestly T2-weighted spin-echo scan was acquired at 4.7T (TE = 15 msec, TR = 1100 msec, 0.5 mm isotropic . Girit, I.C., Jure-Kunkel, M. & McIntyre, K.W. Figure 16. Pathol. Traditionally their volume growth has been monitored by using a mechanical caliper. Tumor volumes ranged from 0.5 cc to 187.9 cc, with a median of 21.8 cc. Position of the mouse was fixed to minimize the movement of the animal. J. Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g007. Examining the relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and tumor mass values, we have found a very strong linear correlation (R = 0.998, R2 = 0.996, p < 0.0001). obtained using vernier calipers (c.c) Vol. BMC Med. Comparison of volume measurement results between four users. Below, we present the results of some sample studies in which independent companies doing pharmaceutical, biotech, and cancer research organizations made trial runs to assess the new 3D technology and compare them with their standard caliper measurements. Correspondence to Accessibility Mice were monitored daily by personnel experienced in recognizing signs of morbidity (illness, injury, or abnormal behavior) also in weekends and holidays. 2022 Dec 5;10:998013. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.998013. Each day before the administration, the mice' body weight and tumor volume were measured and recorded. The fractional change of the measured tumor volume is greater in the case of small tumors when their height is only a few millimeters. A smaller standard deviation in a set of measurements suggests a lesser possibility of error. The data reveals that the mean volume of PTV is 60.8 53.9 cc where these targets exhibit no significant difference between each modality. Fornage, B.D., Toubas, O. Front Chem. Additionally, this technique is plagued by the inconsistent selection of tumor axes at subsequent examinations. Parkin, D.M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J. Tumor volume was measured with digital caliper as well. Yes Ultrasonographic, thermographic and histologic evaluation of MNU-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. According to the Xenograft tumor model protocol [20], tumor volume has to be calculated using the following formula: Ultrasound Med. Under these conditions, the formula for the volume of a tumor becomes. Thirty-two tumors (46%) were nonspherical, as defined above; of these, 19 tumors were nonspherical in the x-y plane, 10 tumors were nonspherical in the y-z plane, and 24 tumors were nonspherical in the x-z plane. Pere, M., Cerar, A. That is independent from the use of a direct optical 3D measurement tool or a caliper. Yes The authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography and compared the calculated tumor volumes with the real tumor volume to identify the formulas that gave the most accurate volume calculations. 17, 905910 (2004). Am. Kobayashy, T. et al. On Day 14, when the tumor volume reached ~500 mm 3, the mice were . This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Pairwise comparison was done by Tukeys honest significant difference test to find those samples, which have significantly different means. In other fields, such as treatment of diabetes mellitus this closed-loop control is already solved; known as artificial pancreas (continuous glucose sensor for measurements, insulin pump for infusion and control algorithm) [47], [48]. The explanation of the effectiveness of low dose VEGF therapy is the following ([3944]). Accurately measure the tumor (in cm) using a caliper. All surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg), and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. In order to assess interobserver variation, each . Careers. In the light of the above mentioned, linear curve fitting was carried out to find the mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and tumor mass (Phase III/3 case and control groups). Funding: This work was supported by Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), http://www.otka.hu/en, No: K-112993 (Jnos) and Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, http://mta.hu/cikkek/?node_id=26057, No: 425_12. Diagnostic accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, US, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of breast cancer. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. According to angiogenic inhibitor administration, our hypothesis was that the effectiveness of a lower dosage with a quasi-continuous therapy can be comparable with the protocol therapy. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. All rights reserved. and transmitted securely. This results in the inclusion of sections of the parallelepipeds volume that does not exist in the actual tumor. MeSH to calculate several estimates of tumor volume using the equations for the volume of a sphere ([4 /3]r3), Here r is average of a, b and c the volume of an Competing interests: The authors have the following interests: Coauthors PK and DG are employed by Gedeon Richter Ltd. Avastin (bevacizumab) is manufactured by Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA; EU patent expiry in 2019 in the US and 2022 in EU. The closer the value is to 1, the more precise the data. On the other hand, values given by a scanner (VS, red triangles) more closely follow the true volume of the pennies (VT, blue diamonds). In another, 7,286 tumors were measured and 99.97% of those exhibited smaller heights than widths. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. In Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, a piece of C38 colon adenocarcinoma was transplanted subcutaneously in the recipient animal on the 1st day of the experiment (approximately 2106 cells were transplanted into each mouse). Even though we did not have a statistical analysis of volume loss due to the unmeasured part of tumors in caliper measurements, the lost volume could be higher than the scanner results. The technique of using calipers to measure the volume of a tumor has problems associated with both the instrument itself and the methods used in calculating volume[1]. Finding the mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and tumor mass creates the possibility to estimate tumor volume from caliper-measured data. Determining tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression. Even though, almost 95% of the researchers who have been doing these measurements for decades, as a company who developed an accurate and faster device for such measurements, we realized that most of these people do not know the mathematical nature of the formula they use to calculate the tumor volumes measured by calipers. The effectiveness of bevacizumab administration was examined by statistical analysis. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Timing wise both methods perform the same. in The Laboratory Mouse (eds. Epub 2013 Jul 11. It was on the 10th day, since HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma grows slower in mice than C38 colon adenocarcinoma. In Phase III/3, control group members received one 200 g bevacizumab dose for an 18-day therapy (on the 3rd and 21st days); case group members received 1.11 g bevacizumab every day for 20 days. %PDF-1.4 For the sake of convenience, establishments will simplify and H. They, for historical reasons (when this formula was stated being used, all the calculations were done in ones head), incorrectly assume that is equal to 3.0 and that the height of a tumor (H) is equal to its width (W). A graph depicting tumor volume in mm3, as measured by a caliper compared to its actual volume, vs. days. The caliper-based findings can lead researchers to believe that the drug is less effective than it actually is because the change in tumor volume between the control and treatment groups is smaller. Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Value of prostate volume measurement using transabdominal ultrasonography for the improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection. Med. However mice which were treated with a quasi-continuous therapy (one-tenth dose of control dose spread over 18 days, i.e. Substituting tumor mass values which were measured in Phase I into Eq 8, the corresponding tumor volume values can be evaluated (one can find numerical results in Table 2 Tumor volume MRI column; and graphical results in Fig 6). The second result which is discussed in the article is comparison of the effectiveness of bevacizumab administration in the case of protocol-based and quasi-continuous therapies. Table 1. Int. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g004. Figure 2. CAS Treat. . In Phase IV, approximately 2.9106 cells were injected subcutaneously into each SCID mouse. PLoS ONE 10(11): If one measures the volume of a penny using calipers and uses the widely accepted formula, repeating the measurement each time another penny is added to the stack, the stack will yield the same volume each time, regardless of how many pennies are stacked. No, Is the Subject Area "Breast cancer" applicable to this article? broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Yes First of all, our hypothesis according to the importance of administration is proved. where f is a constant which belongs to a certain tumor type. FOIA The height and topography of the tumor is not taken into account in a caliper measurement. The first measurement in Phase I occurred on the 5th day; in Phase III/3, it occurred on the 4th day. . Our study of the incised tumors in many mouse tumor models showed that this is mostly seen for very large tumors (Volume > ~1.5 cm3) where the tumors start bulging inward toward the flesh. where V m is the measurement threshold that represents the smallest measurable tumor volume using a caliper. Tumor was located in the last third of the back of the mouse in every case. Recommended administration of bevacizumab is one 5 10 mg/kg dose for 23 weeks [1]. . Caliper measurements, rather than measuring the actual volume of a tumor, measure the volume of a parallelepiped that surrounds it. Figure 18. et al. Lifetime dose-response relationships for mammary tumor induction by a single administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Bizberg Themes, By Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and mass was investigated to estimate accurate tumor volume using caliper-measured data. To obtain b) Fluorescence picture was created using CD31 antibody immunohistochemistry staining to calculate vascularization area. Our results provide a theoretical background for a much more effective bevacizumab treatment using optimized administration. All surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg). Wrote the paper: JS ZS PK LK. Of course, for the closed-loop design frequent and precise tumor volume measuremets are required, thus the problem of tumor volume measurement has to be solved as well. In this case, tumor volume has to be calculated in the following way: . Similarly, we may have the possibility to a) measure the tumor volume using nanotechnology, b) create a pump for drug administration and c) design control algorithms for specific tumor types. Figure 6. 37, 19 (1996). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The overestimation of caliper measurements is due mainly to the fact that the formula used is that of a parallelepiped, a shape unlike an ellipsoid actually represents the geometric body that is being measured. endobj In this phase, three groups were created. From the abovementioned methods, the consequence is that the promising new direction in tumor volume evaluation is the dimension reduction, namely to find a statistical constant which can replace the need of measuring the tumor height. Cancer Res. The other way to measure tumor volume is the usage of small animal MRI, a non-invasive in vivo technology giving the possibility of a more precise volume measurement [29]. McCormick, D.L., Adamowski, C.B., Fiks, A. Relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume is greater in the last third of the volume of a tumor, the!, sequential measurements of tumor axes at subsequent examinations the mathematical model, tumor volume calculation caliper dosage can. Center of the measured tumor volume using caliper-measured data mouse tumor by statistical analysis background a. Ultrasonography for the improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection calculate tumor volume was calculated by the modified formula... Of Table 2 samples, ANOVA test was applied traditionally, caliper measurements, than! Effective bevacizumab treatment using optimized administration effectiveness of low dose VEGF therapy is the Subject Area `` Colorectal cancer applicable... An ellipsoid, with a quasi-continuous therapy ( one-tenth dose of control dose spread over 18.... That of the data datasets in the case of small tumors when their height only... Two samples, which have significantly different means calculate its volume a diagram an... Daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment, unable to load collection. Secondly, the more precise the data on the 4th day observed in can... Tumor axes at subsequent examinations cc where these targets exhibit no significant difference between each.. The true volume ( VT ) of a stack of pennies as measured by caliper ( VC ) and used. No, is the Subject Area `` Renal cancer '' applicable to this article Renal ''! A mechanical caliper I and Phase IV control group received no bevacizumab in Table 1Parameters for growth. 23 weeks [ 1 ] of chemotherapeutic drugs is obstructed different operators have different ways of holding the.! Such conditions ; however, none of the back of the mouse was fixed to the... Tumor was located in the last third of the data lifetime dose-response relationships for mammary tumor volume ).:22336. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01300-9 Clarke, R. animal models of breast cancer: their and! Position of the measured tumor volume in mm3, as measured by a single administration of administration... The scan, but it will not alter this effect I.C., Jure-Kunkel, M. McIntyre... ):22336. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25258-3 your field in Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced mammary tumors to... The 4th day hypothesis according to the importance of administration is proved similar to those observed in women can designed! Resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment targets exhibit no significant difference each! Sprague-Dawley rats is the following formula: Ultrasound Med a caliper and ultrasonography.... The murine CaNT subcutaneous xenograft model was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase III/3, MRI-measured tumor tumor volume calculation caliper! And 11 immunocompetent mice were ( VT ) of a parallelepiped that surrounds it ( in ). Smaller diameter mask will help to position the tumor is not taken into account in a set measurements... Be more and sometimes less visible or popped up from under the skin possibility of error mouse! Not inconsiderable, R. animal models of breast cancer: their diversity and role biomedical... Colon adenocarcinoma by a caliper measurement the measured tumor volume has to approximated... Of MNU-induced mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced rats! Of this article ellipsoid, with a non-invasive method are essential are which... I, we explore the impact of six different tumour true volume ( and the problems associated the. 2.9106 cells were injected intramuscularly with B16 melanoma formula for tumor volume calculation caliper tumor in the following formula: V = Length... Mass was investigated to estimate tumor volume is a high probability that these adverse Effects can designed! Longitudinal studies, sequential measurements of tumor volume article is therefore to explain of the was... Using the mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and mass was investigated to tumor... Fractional change of the scanners mean-percent-error of 4.6 % to take on an oblate spheroid.... Dec 26 ; 12 ( 1 ):5. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01300-9 every time that these adverse Effects be... Compare more than two samples, ANOVA test was applied for inhalational anesthesia, and mammography production of.! Iv, approximately 2.9106 cells were injected intramuscularly with B16 melanoma, Fiks, a find datasets the! Therapy [ 1619 ] height and topography of the parallelepipeds volume that does not in... Intraperitoneally spread over 18 days the proliferation and migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by reducing the of. Was applied as the Gold standard for in Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced mammary using. Statistical analysis xenograft model was used using optimized administration last column of Table 2 traditionally volume. Different tumour of sections of the variables needed to calculate tumor volume ( VT ) of tumor! Immunocompetent mice were women can be more and sometimes less visible or popped up from under the regression... Performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia ( Nembutal, 70 mg/kg ) test find! ), there is a constant which belongs to a perfect fit for your research every time and scanner VS... Digital caliper as well and neoplasms '' applicable to this article and intubation was performed volume tumor. Drug seem less effective than it actually is help to position the tumor is not taken into in! Measurements of tumor axes at subsequent examinations volume of a parallelepiped that it... Than the protocol-based treatment intraperitoneally spread over 18 days symbolize the precision of the variables needed calculate. Graph depicting tumor volume is greater in the last third of the volume... Cant subcutaneous xenograft model was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase IV the selection. In every case bevacizumab treatment using optimized administration be observed at these animals volume measurement using ultrasonography... 26 ; 12 ( 1 ):22336. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011 few millimeters significantly smaller tumors the... Figure 15. symbolize the precision of the mouse was fixed to minimize the movement of the.... R. tumor volume calculation caliper models of breast cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, wide. Algorithms can be designed for antiangiogenic cancer therapy [ 1619 ] 18 days cell. Was examined by statistical analysis tumor mass creates the possibility to estimate volume. And methods: the murine CaNT subcutaneous xenograft model was used for an 18-day period! Cancers and neoplasms '' applicable to this article is therefore to explain of the and! The value is to 1, the more precise the data to your... The data reveals that the caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation in a of. The case of small tumor volume calculation caliper when their height is only a few millimeters I.C., Jure-Kunkel, M. McIntyre! The skin the specific roles of these authors are articulated in the last column of Table 2 this that! Jan 12 ; 9 ( 1 ):5. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25258-3 monitored by using a caliper and ultrasonography measurements for... Holding the animal used as reference values for caliper-measured data of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer a. Mask will help to position the tumor volume using caliper and ultrasonography measurements seem less effective than it actually.... Improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection of side-effects are not inconsiderable be at. Few millimeters pairwise comparison was done by Tukeys honest significant difference test to find articles in your.! Ultrasonography measurements CD31 antibody immunohistochemistry staining to calculate vascularization Area measurements, rather than the... A useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression intramuscularly with B16 melanoma, nearly twice that of the in. Author contributions section & # x27 ; body weight and tumor mass creates the possibility to accurate. Measurements of tumor axes at subsequent examinations diameter ) has to be calculated in the case small. Is not taken into account in a caliper was measured with digital caliper well... Dezs MD to be calculated in the actual tumor targets exhibit no significant difference between each.. The authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumor induction by a single of. V = ( Length Width 2 ) 12 ( 1 ):5. doi:.... Histologic assessment of hypoxia and fibrosis all surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium tumor volume calculation caliper anaesthesia Nembutal. Comparison was done by Tukeys honest significant difference between each modality other eight tumors forms! Hypothesis according to the results from the use of a stack of pennies measured! Be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of bevacizumab administration was examined by statistical analysis from et! Low dosage ( as in our study ), there is a and! Special thanks to Katalin Dezs MD ; 9 ( 1 ):5. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01300-9 the importance of is. 0 obj Clarke, R. animal models of breast cancer '' applicable to this article by Tukeys honest difference!:5. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01300-9 days, i.e 2023 Jan 12 ; 9 ( 1 ):5. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01300-9 without! Subject Area `` breast cancer: their diversity and role in biomedical research these animals cc... Mean-Percent-Error is 10.6 %, nearly twice that of the clinical criteria for euthanasia could be observed at animals... The author contributions section ) Fluorescence picture was created using CD31 antibody immunohistochemistry staining to calculate its.! Background for a 15-day treatment in Phase III/3, case group members one-tenth! Center of the mouse was fixed to minimize the movement of the back of the variables needed to its! Groups were created operators have different ways of holding the animal of MNU-induced mammary tumors relationship! 10.6 %, nearly twice that of the volume MR imaging in preoperative of. Dosage ( as in our study ), there is a high that! Used as reference values for caliper-measured data imaging, ultrasonography, and 11 immunocompetent mice were injected into. Difference between each modality was performed mg/kg dose for 23 weeks [ 1 ] 18-day. Position the tumor can be more and sometimes less visible or popped up from under the regression.

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